International Journal of Social Sciences Bulletin
International Journal of Social Sciences Bulletin {IJSSB} ISSN (E) 3007-1917 (P) 3007-1909, is a multidisciplinary, open-access, and quarterly journal. The IJSSB is published by the Institute for Excellence in Education and Research (IEER), duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under registration number 0224595. The IJSSB is committed to completing the double-blind peer-review process within one month and informing the author(s) accordingly. IJSSB aims at wide circulation and visibility in social sciences. IJSSB upholds rigorous standards of excellence. The respective authors hold copyrights of all content published in the journal.
Institute for Excellence in Education & Research
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROFESSIONAL LIFE EXPERIENCES OF EDUCATIONAL OFFICERS IN DISTRICT SWAT
In district Education set up, educational officers are the most important figure of the whole system. Because educational officers ensure supervision and administrative control over the system at district level. For good governance and service delivery in efficient and collaborative manner but despite all these services, the educational officers faces many uncertainty and different challenges in their professional lives which became a hurdle in their efficient performance and in this regard the researcher take interest to investigate into professional live experiences of educational officers in district swat. The study focused on main three significant research objectives such as investigation about the professional life experiences of educational officer, understanding about the challenges facing by educational officers during performance of their duties, and to highlight the demands and needs required for their professional development and enhancement of their skills in different areas of educational administration in District Swat. Moreover, over to investigate the professional life experiences of educational officers in district swat, the researcher formulated four main research questions for which the researcher followed a qualitative research design. To investigate further the researcher identified Population which comprised of female educational officers working in education department in district swat by means of purposive sampling techniques where sample group formed, consisted of 08 respondents for this research study and the data collected were analyzed through thematic analysis techniques for which all the six major steps of thematic analysis were followed. Findings of research study divulges that according to the views and experiences of these educational officers, they consider opportunities for the enhancement of their professional development, communication skills, trainings and workshops and leadership opposition and direct collaboration with different stakeholders are significant aspects of their professional lives. Result further reveals that there are some challenges in the shape of resources, staff deficiencies, lack of professional management trainings, Political pressures and interference of the stakeholders which undermine the performance and decision-making Power of the educational officers at district level. Based on the findings and result of the research study, professional trainings and workshops, coordination with the other districts I the field of educational administration and skilled staff availability and other facilities which enhance the professional growth of the educational officers were recommended.
Professional Lives; Personal Development; Lack of Resources; District Educational Officers
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ALGORITHMIC WARFARE: A POSTHUMAN NECROPOLITICAL READING OF NADEEM ASLAM’S THE BLIND MAN’S GARDEN
This study explores how sovereignty transcends human actors to include ecological landscapes, technological infrastructures, and textual representations as control mechanisms by analyzing posthuman necropolitical techniques in Nadeem Aslam’s (2013) The Blind Man’s Garden.This study contends that modern warfare is conducted by a dispersed network of human and non-human technologies that together produce and maintain what Mbembe (2003) refers to as “death-worlds.” This study makes the case that Aslam’s fiction depicts a posthuman necropolitical order, where governance operates in nonhuman assemblages that exclude, discipline, and eliminate subjects rather than being limited to human decision-making. This connects Mbembe’s (2003) necropolitics with Rosi Braidotti’s posthumanism. The article’s conclusion states that mapping the horrifying porosity between life and death in contemporary combat zones is Aslam’s literary endeavor. The Blind Man’s Garden is a critical literary intervention for comprehending the operational and ethical complexities of warfare in the twenty-first century because it challenges purely anthropocentric understandings of war by demonstrating how necropower is enacted through ecological, technological, and discursive systems.
DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN PAKISTAN: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS, ELITES, AND CIVIL SOCIETY (2008-2023)
This article evaluates the democratic consolidation of Pakistan during the period 2008-2023 with a focus on institutions, elites, and civil society. It adopts a qualitative, comparative-historical framework, with integrated process tracing across four key episodes. It analyzes how constitutional engineering, the judicialization of politics, the administration of elections, civil–military relations, federal arrangements, and the information order collectively determine regime outcomes. The result is a finding of partial consolidation: regular elections and cutting-edge constitutional reforms, while expanding the formal democratic space, were accompanied by a security-sector dominance and a weak party institutionalization which encouraged elite bargaining. The parliamentary lack of oversight, especially in the budget, was complemented by the judiciary’s expanded role which, having encouraged accountability, also politicized adjudication. The administration of elections improved, but the unresolved issues of campaign finance, dispute resolution, and the perception of neutrality remain. Devolution of power, while strengthening provincial autonomy, created unstable local governments which, in turn, weakened grassroots accountability. Civil society and, particularly through the internet, the independent media, were able to mobilize but suffered from regulatory and coercive control which muted their voice. The article calls for the consolidation of civic space and the institutionalization of elite contestation within predictable, democratic rules as the consolidation of democracy in Pakistan.
Democratic consolidation; Pakistan; Civil–military relations; Electoral governance; Civil society.
MISINFORMATION AND MEDIA CREDIBILITY IN PAKISTAN’S DIGITAL AGE
The increased use of digital media owing to greater internet connectivity has increased the dissemination of information to unprecedented levels. It has also empowered people, communities, societies in multiple ways, however a simultaneous increase in the supply of information has also been accompanied by misinformation, specifically medical misinformation on digital media platforms. Therefore, misinformation surrounding the Covid-19 pandemic has been used as a case study to explore the reasons for misinformation and to what extent the regulatory ordinances or cybercrime laws have effectively countered misinformation. For the purpose of this study, qualitative method was used as the research design, as qualitative methods include open-ended discussions through conducting interviews of professionals in the media industry such as anchors, and journalists, in addition to interviews of legal professionals. The findings revealed through qualitative method that there is a requirement for reforms to the current regulatory ordinances meant to restrict misinformation as the majority of the sections in these ordinances mostly deal with hate speech, defamation and censorship, placing a lower emphasis on misinformation and fake news.
Misinformation, Digital, Cybercrime, Information, Censorship, Fake, Pandemic
PARENTAL CHOICE IN SCHOOLING AND EDUCATION IN BALOCHISTAN
Pakistani education system offers schooling and education through three mainstream channels, i.e., public, private and faith-based religious institutions (Madaaris; single Madrasah), to its masses. This study provides an insight into understanding the significant factors shaping schooling and educational choices of parents for their children in the province of Balochistan-Pakistan. Three semi-urban and rural locations were selected for data collection from two districts – Quetta and Pishin. In addition to the available literature, the qualitative and quantitative data was obtained from household (parents), teachers, institutional administrators, policymakers, religious and community elders and field observations through a mixed-method data collection and analysis approach to understand the phenomenon of school choice. The data revealed that parents were interested in quality formal education, however, the scarcity of such opportunities leads their children feel deprived, and the substandard formal schools compel the parents to weigh alternate opportunities for their children’s education. Their school choice decision is backed by several factors such as cost, quality, prospects and benefits, parental socioeconomic status, geographical location and so on. These factors highly influence parents’ educational decision-making, and their priorities whether children attend public, private, Madrasah institution, or do not attend a school at all. This unique study is of great significance for national and international educationists, researchers and policymakers as for the first time a study includes the voices of the people of the least developed province (Balochistan) on parental choice.
Parental Choice in Education; Education in Pakistan; Madrasah Education; Balochistan-Pakistan; Schooling Opportunities in Pakistan
ANALYTICAL, CRITICAL AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF CHILD ADOPTION IN PAKISTAN AND AT GLOBAL LEVEL
This research addresses the present legal and ethical dilemma surrounding child adoption in Pakistan, a Muslim-majority country where doctrinal restrictions rooted in Islamic jurisprudence prohibit Western-style adoption. The central problem lies in the legal invisibility and welfare gaps affecting orphaned and abandoned children due to the absence of a codified, child-centric adoption framework. The study aims to evaluate whether Islamic law, when interpreted through the lens of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, permits functional adoption equivalents that safeguard lineage while fulfilling the child’s best interests. Employing a doctrinal and comparative legal methodology, the research examines primary Islamic sources, Pakistani statutes, and adoption laws in the UK, US, France, and Indonesia. The analysis reveals that while classical Shariah prohibits tabannī, Islamic law contains legal mechanisms such as kafala, testamentary wills, and guardianship that can be adapted to serve similar protective purposes. Key findings suggest that a hybrid, welfare-oriented model of adoption rooted in Islamic values yet responsive to contemporary child rights norms is both possible and necessary. The study recommends legislative reform to establish a Shariah-compliant, rights-based adoption framework in Pakistan that ensures legal identity, permanence, and dignity for every child.
Child adoption, Islamic law, Kafala, Guardianship, Pakistan legal system, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, UNCRC, Child welfare, Legal identity, Comparative law, Hybrid adoption models, Lineage preservation
THE PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN VICTORIAN POETRY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MY LAST DUCHESS AND THE LADY OF SHALLOT
This thesis explores the portrayal of women in Victorian poetry through a comparative analysis of Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess and; Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s The Lady of Shalott. These poems serve as powerful reflections of Victorian. gender dynamics, highlighting societal constraints; and cultural perceptions of femininity. Browning’s My Last Duchess examines themes of control and objectification, presenting a patriarchal; figure whose dominance silences the female voice. In contrast, Tennyson’s The Lady of Shalott portrays isolation and the longing for freedom, emphasizing the tragic consequences of societal expectations on women seeking autonomy. By analyzing the thematic elements and drawing on social and cultural contexts, the research reveals that while; Browning directly critiques male authority, Tennyson subtly interrogates. the idealization of feminine passivity. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding; of how Victorian poetry serves as both a mirror and a critique of societal values, particularly regarding women’s roles and identities. This thesis underscores the enduring relevance of these works in examining gender dynamics, offering insights into the cultural and literary intersections of the Victorian era.
ANALYSIS THE VARIOUS CONSTRAINTS FACED BY ENROLLED FEMALE STUDENTS IN GETTING HIGHER EDUCATION
The current study was aimed to analyze the Various Constraints faced by enrolled female students in getting higher education. For this purpose, the data was collected through a well-designed questionnaire using multistage stratified random sampling and selected 127 respondents from Wari Campus of Shaheed BB University. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS. The results show that, co-education is disrespected in Pakhtoon Society, lack of transportation facilities and women harassment is a hurdle to female higher education. Furthermore, gender discrimination, poverty, people think that female higher education dishonors their family, shortage of educational institution, early marriages of females, lack of hostel facility, preference to male higher education as compared to female higher education and long distance to educational institutions are various associated factors for low female higher education. The present research recommends that the both the government and non-government organizations should focus on creating awareness regarding the importance of female higher education by providing educational facilities (i.e. scholarships) as well as provide more employment opportunities and technical skills to enhance female higher education.
(PARUSHNI) A GODDESS OF HOPE WITH A HALF HANDFUL OF GRAINS IN TARRAR’S SORROWS OF SARASVATI: THE LOST RIVER
The present study explores the struggle of an individual sustaining life and traditions while resisting approaching decay caused due to environmental change and rerouting of the rivers in the backdrop of Indus valley culture as depicted in Sorrows of Sarasvati: The Lost River (Awan, 2023). The study highlights the resilience of the Parushni, the female protagonist, fighting against natural calamities; deforestation, climate change and low water resources, a source that nurtures every living organism including human. The text is replete with all the customs, traditions and practices of the Indus valley civilization through the charismatic Paroushni, being a mirror to the human needs, advancement and survival altogether while bridging the past and present through the lens applied by the researcher. Belal’s Model of Human Needs (2024), a critique of Maslow’s Concept of Hierarchy of Needs (1943) is employed as theoretical framework to highlight that the human needs are in the form of clusters and interrelated, with varied chances of many things occurring side by side or maybe the last happening in the first place. An individual female protagonist’s will to save the people of her community from the calamities is also at the last stage of fulfillment in the varied psychologically stages of human needs presented earlier while showing her creativity and responsibility at the same level. The study concludes that Lost Sarasvati is mourning over the plight of residents of Ghagra and serves as a threat to the existence of mankind in that particular region, emphasizing the role of an individual desperate for the basic physiological need, water, for the survival and yet achieving all other stages along with it. It also demands to preserve natural resources along with proving the fact the human needs are arbitrary and interrelated rather than hierarchical as depicted in the novel
AFGHAN- PAKISTAN RELATIONS: MOUNTING CHALLENGES AMONG TWO MUSLIM COUNTRIES
Pakistan and Afghanistan are brotherly states witnessing the mounting challenges that are halt the development in the region. Pakistan wanted to establish friendly relations with Afghanistan as well as Muslim countries. Long-standing tensions between Afghanistan and Pakistan have been characterized by five recurrent factors: concerns over sovereignty, security concerns, geopolitical dynamics, cross-border links, connectivity, and trade. The greatest possibility for Afghanistan and Pakistan to strengthen their cross-border connections for the sake of regional peace and the welfare of their inhabitants is to acknowledge and patiently seek to address one another's security and sovereignty concerns through conversation. The possibility of Afghanistan being a hub for commerce and resource sharing in the post-Taliban future is still far off but full of promise. The aim of this study is to describe the Pakistan-Afghanistan relations and challenges which they are facing. Progress towards the formation of the region's essential new economic unit is impeded by pervasive economic and physical restrictions, as well as backward-moving political processes. The study is based on qualitative approach
“THE EFFECTS OF OIL PRICE FLUCTUATIONS ON PAKISTAN'S CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION USING ARDL MODEL”
Oil is a fundamental component of the energy source that highly affects the economic growth across the World. The level by which economies are distracted as a result of high charges depends on a stake of the cost of oil rates in national income. The purpose of the study is to explore the effect of oil rates, FDI, exchange rate, inflation and FDI on Balance of Payment by using ARDL model for the time period of 1990-2025 in Pakistan. The econometric results show that one dollar increase in exchange rate leads to increase the balance of payment by 112718786.95 dollars in short run while decreases -213015278.83 dollar in long-run. In case of FDI, one dollar increases in FDI decreases -2569828653.26dollars in the balance of payment in short run and-3296503106.09 dollars decreases in long run. The disturbance in the BoP shows that one dollar increase in oil prices decreases -55051701.86 dollars and -70618757.38-dollars balance of payment in short and long run respectively. While, one dollar increases in GDP decreases -49207450.99 dollars in balance of payment in short run. Finally, 1dollar increase in inflation decreases -334430380.90 dollar and -194729101.66 in the balance of payment in short run and long run respectively. ECM (t-1) value -0.779* shows that model will converge to equilibrium at the rate of 77% in long run. Diagnostic results depict that there is no serial correlation neither heteroscedasticity in the model while Cusum and Cusum square shows the stability of model at 5% significant level. This study suggests that in order to maintain the current account balance Government should decrease its dependence on oil imports and energy demands should be fulfilled by means of Hydropower, coal energy, wind energy and solar energy. Therefore, recommending the movements of the economy towards the usage of renewable energy resources.
BEYOND THE BATTLEFIELDS: THE HIDDEN COST OF UNREST IN NORTH WAZIRISTAN
North Waziristan, a region long caught in the crossfire of militancy and military operations, faces consequences that extend far beyond visible violence. The conflict has disrupted traditional livelihoods, displaced thousands, and fractured community bonds. Markets once open and bustling with trade now struggle under economic stagnation, while social services healthcare, education, and infrastructure remain strained or inaccessible. These disruptions have deepened poverty and created long-term vulnerabilities for local populations. In this article, Conflict in North Waziristan referred to prolonged militant insurgency, military operations, and resulting instability, encompassing both direct violence and the broader socio-economic and communal disruptions. This article explores these overlooked socio-economic dimensions, highlighting how continuous instability has reshaped the daily lives of residents. By focusing on the silent, prolonged impacts, this article underscores the need to recognize that the true cost of conflict is measured not just in security terms, but in the enduring erosion of community well-being and economic stability.
North Waziristan, militancy, military operations, socio-economic impact, displacement, healthcare, education, instability.
COMBATING MULTIFACETED CHALLENGES AMIDST DIVORCE STIGMA: A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF DIVORCED MOTHERS’ LIVED EXPERIENCES
The present study explores the lived experiences of divorced mothers. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyze the findings of the study. Six divorced mothers were interviewed using an in-depth interview technique. A purposive and snowball sampling method was employed. The study identified a total of six themes and their resultant subordinate themes. The current paper discusses "Combating Multifaceted Challenges amidst Divorce Stigma" and its subordinate themes: socioemotional turmoil, existential crisis, and Socioeconomic challenges. The results highlight the urgent need for society to recognize the complex challenges faced by divorced mothers and underscore the importance of developing compassionate support systems to promote emotional well-being and assist individuals in adjusting to life after divorce. Divorce can be endured with dignity, resilience, and hope for a better future only through mutual understanding and coordinated efforts to destigmatise the situation and provide genuine support.
Divorced mothers, qualitative analysis, interpretative phenomenological analysis, stigma
SPEED READING INTERVENTION ON LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STUDENTS AT THE ELEMENTARY LEVEL IN PAKISTAN
In Experimental study, Pre-test post-test and equivalent group design was used to examine the effect of speed reading intervention on students ‘language acquisition in terms of reading skills, reading speed and academic achievement in English at elementary level. Female school from public sector having conducive environment for the experiment was selected as a sample of the study. One hundred and Eighty students of 8th class were randomly selected as participants of this study. On the basis of pre-test scores,80 students were assigned to each experimental and control groups using matched random sampling technique. The experimental group was provided a treatment of speed reading for 14 weeks. The analyzed data revealed that speed reading intervention proved to be effective in enhancing the language acquisition in selected aspects. It has strong implications for language teachers to use speed reading in the classroom.
INVESTIGATING THE COPING STRATEGIES AND COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS FOR FLOOD MITIGATION IN TEHSIL DARA ADAM KHEL
This quantitative study, “A Sociological Analysis of the Knowledge-Based Coping Strategies and Community Preparedness for Flood Risks Mitigation in Tehsil Dara Adam Khel,” examines how indigenous knowledge supports flood resilience in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Data from 382 respondents across five local sub-sections, Bazi Khel, Zarghan Khel, Akhorwal, Bosti Khel, and Tor Chipper; were analyzed using SPSS, with a reliability score of 0.647. Results showed that 52% of participants agreed that flood knowledge is passed across generations, while 54% disagreed that early warnings are effectively received via community networks. About 43% were neutral on local climate change programs, and 40% on adopting new farming methods indicating weak institutional outreach. Chi-square tests confirmed strong associations between knowledge-based strategies and preparedness (p < 0.001; Tau-C range 0.35–0.49). The findings highlight both strengths in traditional awareness and weaknesses in modern coordination systems. The study concludes that combining indigenous experience, early warning technologies, and community training is vital for sustainable flood management and policy integration.
Flood Risk Mitigation, Indigenous Knowledge, Community Preparedness, Climate Change, Dara Adam Khel, Chi-square, Coping Strategies, Resilience.
THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL DISHARMONY ON SELF-ESTEEM, AND SOCIAL SKILLS OF ADOLESCENTS
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Parental Disharmony, Self-Esteem and Social Skills in adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18. Cross-sectional Correlational Research Design was used with a sample of 210 adolescents from public schools with equal proportion of gender, boys (N=105) and girls (N=105). Data were collected using standardized tools: Parental Disharmony Scale (PDS; Amjad & Saleem, 2014), Self-Esteem Scale for Adolescents (SES; Saleem & Mahmood, 2011), and Interpersonal Skills Scale (IPSS; Zahra et al., 2020). Relationship between the study variables were found using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Linear Regression was also conducted to determine the significant predictors of Interpersonal Skills. Results revealed a significant negative relationship between Parental Disharmony and both Self-Esteem and Social Skills (p > .001). In contrast, there was a strong positive relationship between Self-Esteem and Social Skills (p > .001). Furthermore, gender (p > .05) and Self-Esteem factors (p > .01) (p > .05) were significant positive predictors of Interpersonal Skills. This study illustrated the relevance of cultural context and provide compelling evidence of how Parental Disharmony can adversely affect adolescence Self-Esteem and Social Skills. It was recommended that further studies be conducted to validate and expand these findings, to ensure their applicability to a wider population.
Parental Disharmony, Self-Esteem, Social Skills, Interpersonal Skills, Adolescents
DESTRUCTIVE LEADERSHIP AND EMPLOYEE TURNOVER INTENTIONS: THE MODERATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR IN UNIVERSITIES
In the current competitive business environment, leadership is a determining factor for organizational success as leaders can lead their organizations towards success, or alternatively, they may lead their organization towards failure. Majority of the literature is skewed towards studying the positive impact of leadership, while ignoring its damaging potential. This study focuses on the negative side of leadership, specifically the concept of Destructive Leadership (DL), which includes the abusive behaviour, arrogance, bullying, and the toxic, tyrannical, and narcissistic nature of leaders, which consequently contributes to their employees’ turnover intentions (ETI). This research takes the heads of the departments of academia and the immediate supervisors of the administration staff of universities as leaders in order to study their destructive tendencies. ETI, DL, and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) have been widely studied in the academic literature. Different research studies show the relationship between DL and ETI while this research study explores the moderating effect of OCB on the relationship between DL and ETI in the education sector especially in the universities. Through survey design and regression analysis, this research provides empirical evidence of the relationship between the three concepts in university employees. Data is collected from the teaching faculty of universities (n=257). The findings indicate that DL behaviour has a significant positive relationship with ETI. The second indication of the finding is that OCB moderates the relationship between DL and ETI. Finally, the research provides some suggestions for future researchers to improve the understanding of OCB and the effects of DL on ETI.
Destructive Leadership, Employee Turnover Intentions, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, Moderating role, Universities
TRANSLATION AND ADAPTATION OF FORGIVENESS EDUCATIONAL CURRICULUM GUIDE FOR GRADE 12TH STUDENTS IN URDU LANGUAGE
The preliminary study was conducted to translate and adapt the Guided curriculum of Forgiveness Education for 12th Grade students into Urdu language. The curriculum guide was originally developed in English language titled as “Course Four: Giving Forgiveness Away to Others” for UK and US students aged 17-18 years (Hirshberg & Enright, 2014). The aim of the study is to align the curriculum guide with the cultural, religious and linguistic needs of Pakistani 12th grade (locally termed as intermediate part-II) students. One-way expert translation method followed by Committee approach (Beaton et al, 2000; Carlson, 2000; Hilton & Skrutkowski, 2002; Martinez et al., 2006) were utilized for this purpose as it emphasised that back-translation alone is not sufficient. Sophisticated research strategies such as expert and committee review are required to ensure cultural fit and protect validity (Walde & Vollm, 2023). An in-depth understanding of the local context and the bi-lingual expertise of the translators were central to this translation process. This collaborative approach ensures both cultural relevance and linguistic accuracy. Key psychological concepts and terminologies were contextualized to enhance comprehension and engagement of the student in the journey of giving forgiveness to others and creating their forgiveness legacy. Committee focused on refining language nuances, verifying conceptual equivalence, and locally understandable terms for the better understanding and emotional connection to the material of the curriculum guide. The study resulted in successful localization of Forgiveness Education Curriculum guide for grade 12th to fit the unique cultural fabric of Pakistan. The implication of this research is for students, instructors, and education policy makers for basic life-skill development and moral character building among students. This study also serves as a template of the steps involved in this collaborative approach of translation for future researchers.
Enright Forgiveness Educational Curriculum Guide, Grade 12th students, One-way Expert Method, Committee Approach, and Cultural Translation
DYNAMICS OF SUBVERSION AND COUNTER-SUBVERSION IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA: HISTORICAL PATTERNS, STRATEGIES, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL STABILITY
This research analyzes the process of subversion and counter-subversion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, between the years 2001 and 2025. Using a qualitative mixed-methods approach that combines historical analysis, case studies, and content analysis of policy documents, this research examines the development of insurgent strategy and state counterinsurgency in one of the most volatile regions of South Asia. The results point out three separate conflict phases: post-9/11 Taliban emergence (2001-2007), peak insurgency (2008-2014) and stabilization (2015-2025). Asymmetric warfare methods such as improvised explosive devices, suicide bomb attacks, and ideological recruitment via madrassas became the most important subversive weapons. Focusing on the example of Operations Rah-e-Rast and Zarb-e-Azb, counter-subversion operations transformed from traditional military operations to combined civil-military operations. Intelligence led operations, community engagement, and targeted development initiatives are some of the key success factors identified in this study. However, there are still ongoing obstacles such as the cross-border sanctuaries, radicalization networks and socio-economic frustrations. The research makes a valuable contribution to the literature of counterinsurgency as it shows how context-specific variations of classic counterinsurgency models can provide tangible stability benefits. Policy implications Therefore, sustainable development investments, regional cooperation frameworks, and comprehensive deradicalization programs are needed for long-term peace in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and conflict areas of similar nature.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, subversion, counter-subversion, counter-insurgency, Pakistan, Taliban, FATA, Asymmetrical warfare
ANCHORING SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE IN SWAT FOR ENHANCED RESILIENCE AGAINST TERRORISM
The Swat region has endured significant challenges due to terrorism, severely impacting educational infrastructure and community well-being. This research paper investigates the role of resilient school architecture in enhancing security and supporting the psychological recovery of affected communities. It outlines architectural principles and strategies tailored to the unique socio-cultural and environmental context of Swat. Through analysis of case studies and field data, a "Moored Convalescence" framework is proposed, emphasizing anchored recovery and security through design. The findings present strategic guidelines for architects, planners, and policymakers to create educational environments that serve as both learning centers and safe havens, fostering long-term resilience against terrorism threats. Religious fundamentalist forces with conservative mindsets in Pakistan have persistently orchestrated schemes to manipulate youth for advancing their material and vested interests. The deeply entrenched patriarchal social structure serves to reinforce their dominance, predicated on suppressing marginalized societal groups, perpetuating gender biases, and fostering religious intolerance. Within this context, women's education is perceived as a significant threat to their hegemony. The devastating sabotage of primary and secondary educational institutions in Swat through terrorist activities during 2008-2011 reverberated globally, epitomized by tragic incidents such as the Army Public School attack in Peshawar. Such a volatile and intimidating environment inflicts profound psychological trauma on young minds, impeding progressive societal development and national growth. Youth embody the future potential of any nation, and it is imperative to prioritize their wellbeing and empowerment in national policy frameworks. This aspiration is concretely manifested in the physical form and resilience of educational infrastructure. This research aims to explore strategies for enhancing the resilience of school buildings against terrorism-related threats through cost-effective, meticulously designed, and promptly implemented protective measures. The Taliban-led insurgency not only targeted educational setups but also crippled other key civic institutions in Swat, undermining the valley’s socio-economic fabric and its reputation as the “Switzerland of Pakistan” due to its natural splendor. Post-conflict recovery efforts by national and international organizations have made significant strides in restoring functional education in Swat; however, residual fear of future attacks persists among communities. It is hypothesized that such terror activities could re-emerge, necessitating proactive interventions to mitigate potential catastrophic impacts on educational spaces. Addressing this critical challenge in relation to the built environment constitutes the core focus of this research. Given that youth remain the most vulnerable demographic targeted by extremist groups such as the Taliban, it is crucial to strategically counteract fear and insecurity among school-going children. Architects bear significant responsibility in this endeavour, encompassing roles described by Charlesworth: as analysts diagnosing conflict-affected urban conditions and proposing architectural remedies; as mediators fostering inclusive urban planning and community engagement; and as educators embedding social responsibility into architectural pedagogy. A Pakistani scholar further highlights the urgent collective priority shared by stakeholders—including government bodies, military, law enforcement, school administrators, parents, and design professionals—to safeguard children by ensuring the highest levels of protective measures. This study comprehensively addresses the multifaceted dimensions of school resilience, offering a critical conceptual framework and practical guidelines aimed at fortifying educational institutions against terrorist threats.
REVITALIZING UNIVERSITY MOBILITY: A BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF SCOOTY RENTAL SYSTEM
Moving from one place to another in the university was a difficult task as one had to walk and there was no availability of transportation within the university. This took a lot of time and caused fatigue for students, leading to various health issues. Hence, there was a need for a system in the university that could resolve these problems for the students. This paper introduces a rental scooty system so that students can easily move from one place to another. This would save their time and eliminate any health issues they might face. The charges for using this bike system would be based on a per minute basis. This system is inspired by the facilities provided in foreign universities and it will help the students to travel easily without any health problems. A survey was conducted among the students to find the need for this system, and the results showed positive feedback from the students. After a survey the simulation model of the current process was build to investigate the time required by the students then after applying business process engineering model the solution was proposed. This solution is then again modelled in AnyLogic so that the feasibility of the solution can be checked. The simulation findings indicate a significant enhancement in process efficiency, with the average simulation duration decreasing from 1,173.74 seconds in the current process to 398.21 seconds following the implementation of the suggested solution. This signifies an average time reduction of roughly 775.53 seconds, demonstrating a substantial enhancement in system efficiency. Hence, this research acts as a green signal for the implementation of the rental scooty system in the university. In the future, this system can be applied not only in universities but also in housing societies, providing a convenient solution to the people.
Scooty Rental System; QR Code; Business Process Engineering; BPMN; Simulation and modeling; Bike Rental System
A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON GENDER DISPARITIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
This study is a comprehensive exploration of gender inequality in higher education in Pakistan from a sociological perspective. It investigates how social structures, cultural norms, and institutional practices shape unequal educational experiences and outcomes for males and females. Despite policy initiatives aimed at promoting gender equity, females in Pakistan continue to face barriers related to access, participation, and representation in higher education institutions. Using a qualitative content analysis of published research documents, the study synthesizes existing literature to identify the socio-cultural and institutional factors perpetuating these inequalities. The findings reveal that patriarchal values, gendered socialization, socio-economic disparities, and institutional biases collectively contribute to the persistence of gender inequality in higher education. The analysis, grounded in sociological theories particularly structural functionalism, conflict theory, feminist theory, symbolic interactionism, and Bourdieu's concepts of cultural capital highlights how education reflects and reproduces broader gendered power relations in society. The study concludes that meaningful progress toward gender equity requires transformative change at both institutional and societal levels, including gender-sensitive policies, inclusive pedagogical practices, and the redefinition of women's roles in education and society. This study's role in informing policy and academic understanding, and promoting social change towards gender equity, is significant and should not be overlooked.
The Impact of Technological Advancement, Digitalization and Economic Transformation on Food Advertisement and Children’s Food Habits in Malakand Division
In this postmodern world, technological innovations and digitalization are recognized as fundamental forces for economic growth and development across the globe. Technological innovation is recognized as a prerequisite for economic growth, production of variety of goods and services, and reduction of costs of different goods and services available in the market. It is evident that technologically advanced countries of the world are economically stable and high competitor in the global economic market with highest per capita income, however; in many parts, the poor countries highly pay for this development. This paper analyzes the process of technological innovations, digitalization and economic transformation and attempts to know food advertisement impacts children’s dietary habits and health, huge marketing and advertising campaign are lunched to attract children as consumers, and the consequences of food advertising on the health and wellbeing of future generation. This study critically investigates digitalization, economic change and the impact of food advertisement and marketing on children’s food habits and health. Primary data was collected from a sample of 45 conveniently selected participants from District Dir Lower of Malakand Division. Further, data was collected from different categories of respondents including parents, children and general community, while 15 respondents were selected from each category. The study concludes that economic growth often narrowly focuses on increasing the production of goods and services and does not always reflect the quality of life. In constant pursuit to accumulate profit, excessive advertising is made that usually focuses on children and results in different behavioral and health related issues in children with dire consequences on the overall living standard and well-being.
CODE-SWITCHING AND CODE-MIXING: A SOCIOLINGUISTICS STUDY OF NIMRA AHMED’S MAALA
This research investigates the phenomenon of code switching (CS) and code mixing (CM) in Nimra Ahmed’s celebrated novel Maala through the lens of sociolinguistics. As a widely read contemporary Urdu writer, Ahmed frequently incorporates English alongside Urdu which reflects the linguistic practices of Pakistani bilingual society. The study is guided by following objectives: The instances of code switching and code mixing in Maala, why bilinguals engaged in CS and CM in Maala in the context of text, and the effects of code switching and code mixing on readers and meaning-making in novel. The analysis adopts Poplacks (1980) model of code switching, that categorizing inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and Tag switching and Muysken’s (2000) model of code mixing, which includes Insertion, Alternation, and congruent lexicalization. These frameworks provide a systematic lens for identifying and interpreting linguistic shifts between Urdu and English in the text. The study employs a qualitative content analysis methodology, focusing on selected extracts from the novel where CS and CM are most evident. Findings reveal that code switching in Maala often serves as a stylistic strategy to reflect the bilingual reality of characters, signal identity, and mark social class distinctions. Code mixing is used to express modernity, convey specialized concepts, and enhance emotional intensity, particularly in dialogues. The reasons behind CS and CM are not merely linguistic but also sociocultural, showing the influence of globalization, prestige of English, and hybrid identities among Pakistani youth. The effects of these practices are significant: they enrich the narrative, create authenticity, and resonate with bilingual readers while sometimes challenging monolingual audiences. The research contribute to sociolinguistics and literary studies by demonstrating CS and CM function as communicative resources in Urdu and English bilingual literature, reflecting broader cultural and linguistic dynamics in Pakistan.
“EXPLORING THE DYNAMIC NEXUS BETWEEN DIGITAL FINANCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND GCC STOCK MARKETS: A WAVELET-BASED APPROACH.”
This paper analyzes the dynamic effect of cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin and Ethereum), KBW Nasdaq FinTech and Nasdaq Artificial intelligence Index on the financial market of the GCC countries: UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain through the application of the wavelet methodology. The study used the CMWT on time-series data from 01 March 2020 to 28 Feb 2025, for the purpose of identifying multi-scale co-movements and volatility patterns between digital currency and regional financial stocks. Empirical findings demonstrate time-varying dependence the dependence was also found to be substantially stronger during bearish and bullish times also in technology booms. The paper draws attention to the increasing dominance of new technologies in the Gulf’s financial markets and offers practical tips to policy makers as well as investors for creating flexible strategies and regulatory structures.
BEYOND ABSURDITY: IDENTITY CRISIS AS THE ROOT OF EXISTENTIALISM IN POSTCOLONIAL SOCIETIES: A CRITICAL READING OF SALMAN RUSHDIE’S THE COURTER
This study reinterprets existentialism in the postcolonial context by exploring how identity crisis—not absurdity—emerges as the central source of existential suffering. Departing from the traditional Western framework defined by Kierkegaard, Sartre, and Camus this paper examines Salman Rushdie’s short story “The Courter” as a compelling literary example of existential struggle shaped by colonial legacies, cultural fragmentation, and linguistic dislocation. The story’s diasporic characters, suspended between two worlds, reflect the psychological turmoil of those unable to anchor themselves within a fixed cultural identity. Through close textual analysis and postcolonial theoretical grounding, this research argues that Rushdie’s narrative replaces the absurd cosmos of Western existentialism with a crisis of belonging and fractured selfhood. The experiences of Ayah, the narrator, and the Courter underscore a longing for coherence in a world that has rendered their identities unstable. This paper calls for a decolonized reading of existential literature—one that understands meaninglessness not as metaphysical, but as a consequence of historical displacement and cultural hybridity.
UNVEILING THE RISK FACTORS OF ABSENTEEISM AND DROPOUT: A CASE STUDY OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN DISTRICT SKARDU TEHSIL ROUNDU, PAKISTAN
This study examines school absenteeism and dropout challenges in developing regions, where they hinder educational progress and limit future opportunities for young learners. Focusing on female secondary school students in Tehsil Roundu, District Skardu, the research identifies underlying risk factors contributing to absenteeism and dropout. Using a quantitative and descriptive design, data were collected from 156 students across 10 government schools through a validated questionnaire. Analysis with SPSS revealed that absenteeism stems not from a single cause but from interconnected social, economic, and institutional barriers. Key factors include family responsibilities, financial hardship, recurring health issues, discouraging teacher attitudes, negative peer influence, and environmental challenges such as distance and inadequate facilities. The findings highlight the need for comprehensive interventions involving parental awareness, improved teacher–student relationships, supportive learning environments, and government policies addressing educational inequalities. Tackling these factors collectively is essential to reduce dropout rates and ensure equitable access to quality education for marginalized female students in remote areas
PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCE OF MATE POACHING WITHIN POLICE PERSONALS: AN INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
The qualitative research explored the lived experiences of Punjab police officers regarding mate poaching within their professional environment and examined its interpersonal, cultural, and organizational dimensions. A purposive sample of six participants, including both male and female officers, was recruited from different ranks. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Approach (Smith & Osborn, 2014). The analysis resulted in ten main themes and multiple subthemes, including interpersonal relationships, prevalence, motivations, power and hierarchy, cultural influences, consequences, and responses. The findings revealed that mate poaching is often normalized within police culture and linked to power dynamics, emotional stressors, and workplace hierarchies. These behaviors have significant implications for interpersonal trust, team cohesion, and psychological well-being. The study provides valuable insights for policy development, mental health interventions, and organizational reforms to address interpersonal misconduct within police institutions.
mate poaching, police personnel, interpersonal dynamics, qualitative research, interpretative phenomenological analysis, workplace culture, power hierarchy.
INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF URDU LINGUISTIC FEATURES ON SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: A FOCUS ON GRAMMAR, VOCABULARY, AND SYNTAX
This study investigates the multifaceted influence of Urdu linguistic features on the acquisition of English as a second language in Pakistan. Focusing on the domains of grammar, vocabulary, and syntax, the research adopts a mixed-methods approach to identify patterns of both facilitative and interfering transfer. Data were collected from 120 undergraduate Urdu-speaking students in Lahore through questionnaires, structured writing tasks, and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative results revealed significant L1 interference, with over 70% of participants reporting persistent difficulties with English articles, prepositions, and tense usage due to the absence or divergence of these features in Urdu. Error analysis of writing samples confirmed systematic errors in word order (SOV to SVO transfer), prepositional use, and subject-verb agreement. Qualitative insights from interviews highlighted learners' reliance on direct translation and code-switching, while also acknowledging the facilitative role of Persian-Arabic cognates in vocabulary acquisition. The findings strongly align with the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis and Interlanguage Theory, demonstrating that Urdu serves as both a barrier and a scaffold in the SLA process. The study concludes by advocating for pedagogies that integrate strategic contrastive analysis and embrace a bilingual approach to teaching English in Urdu-dominant contexts, transforming potential interference into a foundational resource for learning.
Urdu linguistic features, second language acquisition, grammar, vocabulary, syntax, language transfer, English language learning, Pakistan, contrastive analysis
PAKISTAN-IRAN RELATIONS: INTERSECTIONS OF POLITICS, CULTURE, AND REGIONAL SECURITY
This study investigates the intricate political, cultural, and security dynamics shaping Pakistan-Iran relations. Rooted in shared history, religious ties, and cultural affinities, the relationship between these neighboring countries reflects both cooperation and conflict. The research explores diplomatic engagement, geopolitical considerations, and cultural diplomacy, analyzing how these factors influence bilateral policies and regional stability. Additionally, it examines collaborative efforts in counterterrorism, economic partnerships, and responses to shared security threats in the broader contexts of South Asia and the Middle East. Using a descriptive research method, the study synthesizes data from academic literature, policy reports, and official documents to provide a comprehensive analysis of contemporary and historical relations. The findings reveal the interconnectedness of political decisions and cultural interactions, offering fresh perspectives on regional geopolitics. This research provides strategic insights for scholars, policymakers, and analysts, contributing to a deeper understanding of the evolving Pakistan-Iran partnership and its implications for regional and international affairs
Pakistan-Iran Relations and Political Dynamics, Cultural Diplomacy and Regional Security, Economic Partnerships and Geopolitics Bilateral Policies, Foreign Policy and Strategic Cooperation, Religious Ties, and Historical Relations, South Asia and Middle East